Neural Nostalgia

Why do we love the music we heard as teenagers?

As I plod through my 20s, I’ve noticed a strange phenomenon: The music I loved as a teenager means more to me than ever—but with each passing year, the new songs on the radio sound like noisy nonsense. On an objective level, I know this makes no sense. I cannot seriously assert that Ludacris’ “Rollout” is artistically superior to Katy Perry’s “Roar,” yet I treasure every second of the former and reject the latter as yelping pablum. If I listen to the Top 10 hits of 2013, I get a headache. If I listen to the Top 10 hits of 2003, I get happy.

Why do the songs I heard when I was teenager sound sweeter than anything I listen to as an adult? I’m happy to report that my own failures of discernment as a music critic may not be entirely to blame. In recent years, psychologists and neuroscientists have confirmed that these songs hold disproportionate power over our emotions. And researchers have uncovered evidence that suggests our brains bind us to the music we heard as teenagers more tightly than anything we’ll hear as adults—a connection that doesn’t weaken as we age. Musical nostalgia, in other words, isn’t just a cultural phenomenon: It’s a neuronic command. And no matter how sophisticated our tastes might otherwise grow to be, our brains may stay jammed on those songs we obsessed over during the high drama of adolescence.

To understand why we grow attached to certain songs, it helps to start with the brain’s relationship with music in general. When we first hear a song, it stimulates our auditory cortex and we convert the rhythms, melodies, and harmonies into a coherent whole. From there, our reaction to music depends on how we interact with it. Sing along to a song in your head, and you’ll activate your premotor cortex, which helps plan and coordinate movements. Dance along, and your neurons will synchronize with the beat of the music. Pay close attention to the lyrics and instrumentation, and you’ll activate your parietal cortex, which helps you shift and maintain attention to different stimuli. Listen to a song that triggers personal memories, and your prefrontal cortex, which maintains information relevant to your personal life and relationships, will spring into action.

But memories are meaningless without emotion—and aside from love and drugs, nothing spurs an emotional reaction like music. Brain imaging studies show that our favorite songs stimulate the brain’s pleasure circuit, which releases an influx of dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and other neurochemicals that make us feel good. The more we like a song, the more we get treated to neurochemical bliss, flooding our brains with some of the same neurotransmitters that cocaine chases after.

Music lights these sparks of neural activity in everybody. But in young people, the spark turns into a fireworks show. Between the ages of 12 and 22, our brains undergo rapid neurological development—and the music we love during that decade seems to get wired into our lobes for good. When we make neural connections to a song, we also create a strong memory trace that becomes laden with heightened emotion, thanks partly to a surfeit of pubertal growth hormones. These hormones tell our brains that everything is incredibly important—especially the songs that form the soundtrack to our teenage dreams (and embarrassments)

On its own, these neurological pyrotechnics would be enough to imprint certain songs into our brain. But there are other elements at work that lock the last song played at your eighth-grade dance into your memory pretty much forever. Daniel Levitin, the author of This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession, notes that the music of our teenage years is fundamentally intertwined with our social lives.

“We are discovering music on our own for the first time when we’re young,” he told me, “often through our friends. We listen to the music they listen to as a badge, as a way of belonging to a certain social group. That melds the music to our sense of identity.”

Petr Janata, a psychologist at University of California–Davis, agrees with the sociality theory, explaining that our favorite music “gets consolidated into the especially emotional memories from our formative years.” He adds that there may be another factor in play: the reminiscence bump, a name for the phenomenon that we remember so much of our younger adult lives more vividly than other years, and these memories last well into our senescence. According to the reminiscence bump theory, we all have a culturally conditioned “life script” that serves, in our memory, as the narrative of our lives. When we look back on our pasts, the memories that dominate this narrative have two things in common: They’re happy, and they cluster around our teens and early 20s.

Why are our memories from these years so vibrant and enduring? Researchers at the University of Leeds proposed one enticing explanation in 2008: The years highlighted by the reminiscence bump coincide with “the emergence of a stable and enduring self.” The period between 12 and 22, in other words, is the time when you become you. It makes sense, then, that the memories that contribute to this process become uncommonly important throughout the rest of your life. They didn’t just contribute to the development of your self-image; they became part of your self-image—an integral part of your sense of self.

Music plays two roles in this process. First, some songs become memories in and of themselves, so forcefully do they worm their way into memory. Many of us can vividly remember the first time we heard that one Beatles (or Backstreet Boys) song that, decades later, we still sing at every karaoke night. Second, these songs form the soundtrack to what feel, at the time, like the most vital and momentous years of our lives. The music that plays during our first kiss, our first prom, our first toke, gets attached to that memory and takes on a glimmer of its profundity. We may recognize in retrospect that prom wasn’t really all that profound. But even as the importance of the memory itself fades, the emotional afterglow tagged to the music lingers.

As fun as these theories may be, their logical conclusion—you’ll never love another song the way you loved the music of your youth—is a little depressing. It’s not all bad news, of course: Our adult tastes aren’t really weaker; they’re just more mature, allowing us to appreciate complex aesthetic beauty on an intellectual level. No matter how adult we may become, however, music remains an escape hatch from our adult brains back into the raw, unalloyed passion of our youths. The nostalgia that accompanies our favorite songs isn’t just a fleeting recollection of earlier times; it’s a neurological wormhole that gives us a glimpse into the years when our brains leapt with joy at the music that’s come to define us. Those years may have passed. But each time we hear the songs we loved, the joy they once brought surges anew.

By Mark Joseph Stern                Aug 12, 2014

source: slate.com

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Need a Mood Boost? Cue Up Dolly Parton — Neural Nostalgia Experts Say Music Really Can Improve Health

The right tunes can do everything from tame pain to protect your heart to speed weight loss

You’re in the grocery store when an old song plays over the sound system. Suddenly, you’re no longer in the frozen foods aisle. You’re transported back to your teen years, blasting the tune and singing along with friends in the car. Many of us can relate to a scenario like this. In fact, there is a scientific term for it — neural nostalgia.

By studying how our brains process music, experts are finding new ways to harness the power of neural nostalgia to enhance our health. Memories and emotions triggered by music, especially music from your formative years, can improve your mood, ease pain or depression and even help people with dementia. We asked experts to explain this music-as-medicine phenomenon, plus how to tap into the benefits.

What is neural nostalgia?

Nostalgia refers to the way our brains lay down memories from the past. These memories form a sort of roadmap of chemical and electrical connections in the brain. Mundane events tend to be purged from our memories. But when emotions are involved, a memory typically becomes more firmly established because many parts of the brain are activated.

Music also activates multiple parts of the brain. Listening to music can stimulate feel-good hormones like serotonin, dopamine and oxytocin, says Suzanne Hanser, EdD, MT-BC, professor and founder of the music therapy department at Berklee College of Music in Boston.

“Engaging with music by singing, dancing or playing an instrument helps expand and develop our brains in key areas, such as those involved in attention, emotion, organization and creativity,” she explains. The more we engage with music, the more these pathways become part of the brain’s permanent wiring.

We’re hardwired to respond to rhythm

Have you ever watched a toddler dance to a catchy song? They instinctively know how to move with the beat. In fact, our brains are biologically primed for rhythm. The brain even likes to align its electrical activity with the beat, according to neuroscientist Daniel Levitin, PhD, author of This Is Your Brain on Music.

When you have a song stuck on a loop in your head (dubbed an “earworm”) this simple rhythm is riding on well-traveled neural highways of your brain. Some theories suggest that human brains evolved this way to help us learn, long before we had the written word and other ways to memorize information.

Neural nostalgia: Why we love music from our teen years

If you’re like us, your musical tastes are firmly lodged in the decades of your teens and early twenties. Was the music just better back then? Some may think so! But there’s also a scientific explanation, says Erin Spring, MT-BC, founder and executive director of Central Ohio Music Therapy.

“Our brains are doing so much development in the adolescent years,” she explains. “This is also a time when we are forming an identity that is different from our parents and from our childhood selves. We think that’s why music from that period of our life gets so firmly laid down in our neural pathways.”

Hanser agrees. “This stage of growth is associated with a rich set of emotions,” she adds. “For many of us, the music that we listened to in our youth played a big part in helping define our tastes and preferences.”

The health benefits of neural nostalgia

Therapists are bringing the medicine of music to hospitals and long-term care facilities. They’re also working to help people with conditions like pain, anxiety, trauma and developmental disorders. Here’s how certain tunes can improve your health and happiness.

1. Favorite tunes boost memory and mood

Profound results have been seen when the concept of neural nostalgia is applied for people with severe dementia. In the most successful cases, nursing home residents who are unresponsive and unmoving will immediately perk up when they hear music they loved in their youth. Some may sing along or tap their feet, with a twinkle of an old memory in their eyes and a smile on their faces.

Music therapy can work in situations where other treatments don’t, says Spring, because music activates so many different parts of the brain. If one part of the brain is damaged, it can create a workaround to allow musical memories to travel down another path. She recalls a time where she was called to a hospital room to help soothe a man with a severe brain tumor.

“The usual things like medications were not working,” she says. “The patient had become very agitated, which was also upsetting his family.” On her guitar, she played songs by his favorite country artist, starting with high-energy pieces and gradually moving to more gentle melodies. She concluded with just her voice and finally a soft hum. “The hospital staff was amazed at how quickly and effectively this brought a sense of calm for this patient.”

2. Gospel music improves heart health

Uplifting gospel music is famous for how it makes the heart soar. Now, University of Maryland research suggests listening for 30 minutes daily boosts heart health, too. The scientists found folks who hear joyous music they love (Christian contemporary and inspirational tunes work, too!) expanded blood vessel dilation, easing stress on the heart. The brain processes sound in the same region that regulates heartbeat and breathing, so hearing calming sounds triggers the body to slow your heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure. (See more easy ways to prevent heart disease.)

3. Classical music ease aches

Whether your back is hurting or your joints are aching, tune into a classic music station as you’re going about your day and you’ll reduce head-to-toe pain up to 66%, suggests a study in Science. Researchers found that when they played orchestral music (specifically the Bach song “Réjouissance”), folks’ pain scores dropped.

The trick: The effect only happened when the music was played at a “sweet-spot” volume of 50 to 60 decibels — the pleasant level of low background music you might hear standing in an elevator. Scientists suspect this level of sound distracts the brain just enough to tamp down transmission of pain signals. (Tip: If it’s your knees bothering you, these stretches for knee pain can help.)

4. Mellow tunes aid weight loss

When you sit down to dinner, cue up a playlist of your favorite slow songs, like The Beatles’ “Norwegian Wood,” Pink Floyd’s “Speak to Me” or Celine Dion’s “All By Myself”. Doing so automatically slows your eating by 58% to match the pace of the music, helping you unconsciously eat less. Hearing slow music slows down your brain, giving it enough time to register that you’re full.

How to tap into the power of neural nostalgia

Anyone can benefit from the powers of music and neural nostalgia, says Hanser, author of Music for Wellness. She even put her skills to use on herself while undergoing a serious surgery on her eyes. “Music can help you feel comfort, motivation, energy, creativity and spirit,” she says.

A few simple ways to harness the power of neural nostalgia yourself:

1. Play meaningful music

Create a “musical autobiography” to remind yourself of music associated with significant life events or milestones (like a graduation or wedding). If you’re using music to help someone else, like an older relative, try to find out what music they loved in their youth, Hanser says. Even if it’s not what brings you joy, it’ll likely strike a chord with them.

2. Sing along

When you listen to your playlist, engage with it in any way you like. Sing, dance to it and don’t be afraid to improvise on it, Hanser urges. Don’t judge yourself or expect perfection. (Need some inspiration? Check out the best TV theme songs that are sure to have you singing along.)

3. Match your mood

If you’re listening to your playlist to calm down during a tense time, Spring suggests starting with more intense tempos that mirror your mood. Then, gradually shift toward simpler, more relaxing melodies. Try closing with some time for silent reflection, Hanser adds.

4. Listen live

Our brains seem to know the difference between live music and recorded, Spring says. You’ll get an added feel-good boost when you listen to a live concert, whether it’s small country band playing at a local park or a larger star in a professional venue.

5. Share the experience

Bonding with others makes the experience of live music even more powerful. Why not join in? Drum circles are available in many areas, and do not require prior musical experience. In addition to fostering a sense of community, drum circles have been shown to ease stress and boost your mood.

By Katherine Wandersee and Ann Green                  April 26, 2024

source: www.womansworld.com